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Related Concept Videos

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Dementia l: Introduction01:22

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
The clinical diagnosis of AD hinges on the presence of memory and other cognitive impairments. Biomarkers, such as changes in Aβ and tau...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Visualization of Amyloid β Deposits in the Human Brain with Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Imaging Mass Spectrometry
09:31

Visualization of Amyloid β Deposits in the Human Brain with Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Imaging Mass Spectrometry

Published on: March 7, 2019

Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy.

Steven M Greenberg1,2

  • 1J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.

The New England Journal of Medicine
|May 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) causes hemorrhagic strokes and cognitive decline. Research focuses on early diagnosis and therapies targeting beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition in brain blood vessels.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Vascular Biology
  • Neurodegenerative Diseases

Background:

  • Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a primary cause of hemorrhagic stroke.
  • CAA contributes significantly to age-related cognitive impairment.
  • It plays a role in adverse reactions to beta-amyloid (Aβ) immunotherapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA).
  • To outline diagnostic methods and clinical manifestations.
  • To highlight challenges and future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis relies on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showing brain hemorrhages or leptomeningeal blood products.
  • Clinical presentation includes hemorrhagic stroke, cognitive decline, and less commonly, transient focal neurologic symptoms or autoimmune syndromes.

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Isolation and Cannulation of Cerebral Parenchymal Arterioles
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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Visualization of Amyloid β Deposits in the Human Brain with Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Imaging Mass Spectrometry
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Published on: March 7, 2019

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In Vitro Assays to Assess Blood-brain Barrier Mesh-like Vessel Formation and Disruption

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Isolation and Cannulation of Cerebral Parenchymal Arterioles

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  • Risk assessment for recurrent strokes, especially with antithrombotic therapy, is crucial.

    • Main Results:

    • CAA is characterized by pathological Aβ deposition in cerebral small blood vessels.
    • MRI findings are key for diagnosis.
    • The disorder presents with stroke, cognitive decline, or inflammatory syndromes.

    Conclusions:

    • CAA is a critical factor in stroke and cognitive impairment.
    • Managing CAA requires careful risk-benefit analysis, particularly regarding antithrombotic therapy.
    • Future research aims to improve risk prediction, diagnostics, and develop disease-modifying therapies targeting pathogenic steps.