The Molecular Landscape of Ovarian Neoplasms: A Review

This article summarizes the molecular landscape of epithelial and non-epithelial ovarian tumors, integrating current genomic and immunophenotypic data. High-grade serous carcinomas are defined by TP53 and homologous recombination defects, while low-grade serous, mucinous, endometrioid, and clear cell carcinomas exhibit pathway-specific mutations such as MAPK/MEK and PI3K/AKT pathway alterations. Sex cord-stromal tumors are characterized by FOXL2, DICER1, and CTNNB1 alterations. The article also outlines hereditary cancer syndromes affecting ovarian tumorigenesis, emphasizing tumor predisposition associated with BRCA1/2, Lynch syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, and DICER1.