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Bioequivalence in generic drugs, such as tablets and capsules, refers to their pharmaceutical equivalence to the brand-name counterparts. However, for therapeutic equivalence, manufacturers must also consider physical attributes like size, shape, and weight (FDA Guidance for Industry, December 2003). Discrepancies in these aspects could impact patient compliance and cause medication errors. For instance, swallowing difficulties, often experienced with larger tablets or capsules, can lead to...
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Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...
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Oral drug delivery is the most common route of administration due to its convenience, cost-effectiveness, and high patient compliance. It enables precise formulation to ensure proper drug dosage and bioavailability. The development of oral dosage forms considers drug properties such as solubility, stability, and absorption to optimize therapeutic efficacy.Tablets, capsules, liquids, and chewable formulations enhance drug stability, mask undesirable tastes, and improve patient experience.
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Updated: May 8, 2026

3D Printing of Preclinical X-ray Computed Tomographic Data Sets
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Published on: March 22, 2013

From Digital Design to Dosage Performance: Material-Process-Geometry Interactions in 3D-Printed Oral Tablets.

Aarya Rajendra Menkudale1, Prerana V Poojary2, Swohinee Sarkar2

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.

AAPS Pharmscitech
|May 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Drug release from 3D-printed tablets depends on material properties and processing conditions, not just geometry. Optimizing these interactions ensures predictable drug delivery and regulatory compliance in pharmaceutical additive manufacturing.

Keywords:
3D printingadditive manufacturingoral solid dosage formsprocess analytical technologyquality by design

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Additive manufacturing (AM) offers precise control over oral solid dosage form geometry, internal design, and drug dosage.
  • Current understanding often oversimplifies drug release from 3D-printed tablets, focusing solely on geometric factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review recent literature (2019-2025) on drug release from 3D-printed tablets.
  • To emphasize the crucial role of material-geometry-process interactions in determining drug release behavior.
  • To integrate Quality by Design (QbD) and Process Analytical Technology (PAT) principles for enhanced control.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature analysis of various AM techniques (FDM, SLS, SLA/DLP, SSE, etc.).
  • Examination of material properties (rheology, thermal processing, sintering, crosslinking, droplet transport) and their influence on stability windows.
  • Focus on real-time monitoring of process variables and microstructural attributes.

Main Results:

  • Drug release is significantly influenced by material properties and processing conditions within specific stability windows.
  • Geometry acts as a secondary control parameter, subordinate to optimized material states and process development.
  • Integration of QbD and PAT enables real-time control of geometry and quality attributes.

Conclusions:

  • A mechanistic understanding of drug release requires considering material-geometry-process interactions.
  • This approach provides a quality-focused rationale for technology selection, formulation, and regulatory compliance in pharmaceutical AM.
  • Addressing inter-printer variability and feedstock qualification is crucial for translation.