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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Analysis Methods of Pharmacokinetic Data: Model and Model-Independent Approaches01:14

Analysis Methods of Pharmacokinetic Data: Model and Model-Independent Approaches

Drug disposition in the body is a complex process and can be studied using two major approaches: the model and the model-independent approaches.
The model approach uses mathematical models to describe changes in drug concentration over time. Pharmacokinetic models help characterize drug behavior in patients, predict drug concentration in the body fluids, calculate optimum dosage regimens, and evaluate the risk of toxicity. However, ensuring that the model fits the experimental data accurately...

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Updated: May 8, 2026

Simple Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Freely Moving Mice
03:25

Simple Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Freely Moving Mice

Published on: February 24, 2023

Blood-glucose Profile Evaluation with a Model-based Approach using Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data.

Hanna Kunina1, Jenny Y Chien2, Parag Garhyan2

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.

The AAPS Journal
|May 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new pharmacometric model estimates blood glucose in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data without exact meal information. This approach aids in simulating meal patterns and optimizing T2D treatment strategies.

Keywords:
continuous glucose monitoringinsulin glarginetype 2 diabetes

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Published on: January 4, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacometrics
  • Diabetes Management
  • Computational Modeling

Background:

  • Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is increasingly used in type 2 diabetes (T2D), but interpreting data is challenging due to missing meal information.
  • Accurate glucose profiling is crucial for managing T2D, especially for patients on insulin therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a pharmacometric model predicting blood glucose profiles in T2D patients on basal insulin, even without precise meal intake data.
  • To create a "meal-IGI-insulin" framework integrating population meal and insulin glargine pharmacokinetic models.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized CGM data from 73 T2D patients on insulin glargine and oral antidiabetic medications (OAMs).
  • Adapted the Integrated Glucose-Insulin (IGI) model by incorporating a population meal model and an insulin glargine pharmacokinetic model.
  • Modeled three daily meal intakes using a surge function and a maximum bioavailable glucose amount.

Main Results:

  • The developed model adequately predicted fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels.
  • The model identified three daily meal intakes with a maximum bioavailable glucose rate of 7.83 g/hour.
  • Some discrepancies were observed in forecasting hypoglycemic events.

Conclusions:

  • The "meal-IGI-insulin" pharmacometric framework effectively models glucose profiles in T2D patients using CGM data without exact meal inputs.
  • This framework can support diverse simulations for antidiabetic drug development, automated insulin delivery algorithms, and clinical strategy optimization.