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Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
07:42

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Understanding loss aversion by using tDCS stimulation on DLPFC and multiple ERP measures: A tDCS-EEG study.

Jia Jin1,2, Lu Dai1, Zhongfeng Wang1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence for Information Behavior (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China.

Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience
|May 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Right brain stimulation using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) reduces risky decision-making by increasing loss aversion. This highlights the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) role in processing financial losses.

Keywords:
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortexEvent-related potentialFeedback-related negativityLoss aversionTranscranial direct current stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Decision Science

Background:

  • Loss aversion significantly impacts risky decision-making, but its neural mechanisms are not fully understood.
  • The specific role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in loss aversion requires further elucidation.
  • Understanding the neural basis of loss aversion is crucial for fields ranging from behavioral economics to clinical psychology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional relationship between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and loss aversion.
  • To comprehensively explore the neural underpinnings of loss aversion using electroencephalogram (EEG).
  • To provide neural evidence for the functional effects of DLPFC stimulation on loss aversion.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized bihemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) targeting the bilateral DLPFC in 25 healthy subjects.
  • Administered three stimulation conditions: right anodal/left cathodal, left anodal/right cathodal, and sham stimulation.
  • Recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) during a mixed gamble task performed post-stimulation.

Main Results:

  • Right-sided DLPFC stimulation significantly reduced gamble acceptance rates and increased loss aversion coefficients compared to sham and left-sided stimulation.
  • EEG analysis revealed enhanced feedback-related negativity difference (d-FRN) following right-sided stimulation.
  • No significant effect on error-related negativity (ERN) was observed, suggesting a specific modulation of loss processing.

Conclusions:

  • The right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) plays a key role in driving loss aversion.
  • Right DLPFC modulation increases sensitivity to potential losses and influences emotional responses to negative outcomes.
  • These findings offer critical insights into the neural circuitry underlying decision-making under risk.