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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Pioneering Patient-Specific Approaches for Precision Surgery Using Imaging and Virtual Reality
06:18

Pioneering Patient-Specific Approaches for Precision Surgery Using Imaging and Virtual Reality

Published on: April 5, 2024

Virtual reality in planning complex heart surgery.

Harikrishnan Anil Maya1, Brijesh P Kottayil2, Amit Kumar Pandey3

  • 13D Printing and XR Lab, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India.

The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
|May 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Novel 3D Virtual Reality (3DVR) and 3D printing (3DP) technologies aid intraventricular tunneling (IVT) in complex congenital heart defect (CCHD) repairs. These tools enhance surgical planning and baffle template creation, leading to successful outcomes with no operative mortality.

Keywords:
3D printingCHDbaffle templatescongenital heart surgeryintraventricular tunnelingsurgical guidetranslational VRvirtual realityvirtual surgical planning

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Surgery
  • Medical Imaging
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Intraventricular tunneling (IVT) is crucial for biventricular (2V) or one-and-a-half ventricle (1.5V) repair of complex congenital heart defects (CCHD).
  • Traditionally, IVT relies on surgeon's intraoperative judgment, which can be challenging in complex cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate novel assistive tools, specifically 3D Virtual Reality (3DVR) and 3D printing (3DP) technologies, for aiding IVT during complex CCHD surgical repairs.
  • To assess the feasibility and efficacy of using virtual planning and 3D printed templates for baffle design and placement.

Main Methods:

  • CT data from CCHD patients were converted into 'digital twins' for analysis in 3DVR using medical modeling software.
  • Virtual dissection, annotation, and measurement tools were employed to identify critical anatomical elements and plan the optimal IVT pathway.
  • Virtual baffle designs were translated into physical templates using 3DP (flexible and rigid resins) and paper printing for use as surgical guides.

Main Results:

  • Twenty CCHD cases with diverse anatomical variations underwent repair using the 3DVR and 3DP workflow, achieving 100% repair success (12 2V, 8 1.5V).
  • Virtual, 3D printed, and paper templates showed identical morphometrics and were successfully used as surgical guides with <10% deviation from predicted geometry.
  • All repairs were completed with single-patch baffles placed per digital plan, resulting in no residual defects, no operative mortality, and a median hospital stay of 10 days.

Conclusions:

  • Early exploration of 3DVR-based baffle planning demonstrates encouraging translational impact in CCHD surgery.
  • The workflow for creating 'paper printable' baffle templates shows significant promise for improving IVT procedures.