Mechanisms and therapeutic potential of ultrasound neuromodulation: Focus on ion channel dynamics

Ultrasound neuromodulation has emerged as a promising noninvasive technique for regulating neuronal activity with high spatial and temporal precision. Among its mechanisms, the modulation of mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels plays a key role in converting acoustic energy into cellular responses. This review highlights the biophysical mechanisms by which ultrasound activates specific ion channels (e.g., Piezo, TRP, K2P, MscL) and discusses their therapeutic implications in neurological and psychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease and depression. Advances in sonogenetics, nanoparticle-assisted modulation, and genetic engineering are also summarized to guide future precision neuromodulation strategies. By integrating recent experimental findings and technological advances, this review highlights the importance of MS ion channels as therapeutic targets and provides a framework for the development of precision neuromodulation strategies.