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Conformable Wearable Electrodes: From Fabrication to Electrophysiological Assessment

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Printable, self-healing and recyclable PEDOT:PSS/polyurethane composites for durable bioelectronics.

Jinsil Kim¹, Fabio Cicoira¹

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada. fabio.cicoira@polymtl.ca.

Materials Horizons

|May 7, 2026

Summary

Researchers developed a self-healing, printable, and recyclable conductor using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and polyurethane. This advanced material autonomously repairs damage, enabling durable flexible bioelectronics.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Polymer Chemistry
Bioelectronics

Background:

Flexible bioelectronics require robust, self-healing conductive materials.
Current materials often lack printability, recyclability, or resilience to significant damage.

Purpose of the Study:

To create a multifunctional composite conductor with self-healing, printable, and recyclable properties.
To overcome limitations in current flexible bioelectronic materials.

Main Methods:

Blending poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) with a custom polyurethane (PU) containing dynamic disulfide bonds and hydrogen-bonding motifs.
Processing the composite using green solvents for spin-coating and printing.
Evaluating mechanical, electrical, and self-healing properties under various conditions.

Main Results:

Achieved autonomous room-temperature healing of scratches, cuts, and punctures without external stimuli.
Demonstrated high conductivity (~15 S cm⁻¹), excellent stretchability (>650%), and mechanical integrity.
Confirmed mechanical reuse and chemical recycling over 15 cycles with >90% strength retention and full conductivity recovery.
Fabricated printed electronic tattoos and electrodes for high-fidelity ECG recordings.

Conclusions:

Developed a sustainable and versatile self-healing conductor platform.
The material demonstrates significant advancements in durability and recyclability for bioelectronic devices.
Enables practical pathways toward next-generation, resilient bioelectronic materials.