Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Nitriles and Carboxylic Acids01:24

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Nitriles and Carboxylic Acids

Although it is possible to reduce a carboxylic acid to an aldehyde, strong reducing agents, like lithium aluminum hydride (LAH), prohibit a controlled reduction, instead causing the generated aldehyde to instantly over-reduce to a primary alcohol.
Reducing carboxylic acid derivatives like acyl chlorides (RCOCl), esters (RCO2R′), and nitriles (RCN) using milder aluminum hydride agents like lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride [LiAlH(O-t-Bu)3] and diisobutylaluminum hydride [DIBAL-H] allows...
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism01:10

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism

Cyanohydrins are formed when cyanide nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones react. A strong base, the cyanide ion, catalyzes cyanohydrin formation. The ions are generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. Once the cyanide ions are generated, the first step involves the nucleophilic attack of the cyanide ions on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon. This attack shifts the π electrons from the C=O to the oxygen atom forming the alkoxide ion intermediate. The alkoxide anion...
Preparation of Nitriles01:12

Preparation of Nitriles

One of the common methods to prepare nitriles is the dehydration of amides. This method requires strong dehydrating agents like phosphorous pentoxide or boiling acetic anhydride for converting amides to nitriles. Another reagent namely, thionyl chloride also accomplishes the dehydration of amides, where amide acts as a nucleophile. The first step of the mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack by the amide on the thionyl chloride to form an intermediate. In the next step, the electron pairs...
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles01:13

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles

Nitriles can be reduced to primary amines using reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride or catalytic hydrogenation. The reduction introduces an amino group with an extra carbon in the skeleton. Nitriles are formed from the reaction between alkyl halides and sodium cyanide through the SN2 mechanism. Primary alkyl halides are the preferred substrates to prepare nitriles.
Amides can be reduced to primary, secondary, and tertiary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, active metals like Fe,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Redox-responsive ionic covalent organic framework films for hydroxide ion transport and tunable mechanical properties.

Chemical science·2026
Same author

Defect-Guided Assembly of Aperiodic and Flexible Metal-Organic Frameworks From Pre-Formed Cages.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same author

Artificial Intelligence-Guided Discovery of Covalent Organic Frameworks for Next-Generation Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Removal.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026
Same author

Clinical profile and outcomes of critically ill obstetric patients in the intensive care unit of a tertiary care center.

World journal of critical care medicine·2026
Same author

Single-Crystalline Twelve-Connected Nanographene-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Manganese-Templated Nontrivial Structures for MRI and Therapy.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
10:57

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

Covalent Organic Frameworks with Intrinsic Pendant Aldehydes for Efficient Nitrate Electroreduction.

Gobinda Das1, Suprobhat Singha Roy2,3, Thirumurugan Prakasam1

  • 1Chemistry Program, Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|May 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A novel covalent organic framework, PEPy-2CHO-TTA, efficiently converts nitrate to ammonia in alkaline water. Its unique aldehyde groups facilitate proton transfer, overcoming limitations for sustainable ammonia production and nitrate pollution mitigation.

Keywords:
aldehyde‐functional COFalkaline mediaammonia synthesiscovalent organic frameworkselectrocatalysisnitrate reduction

More Related Videos

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
07:30

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

Published on: January 21, 2020

Preparation of SNS Cobalt(II) Pincer Model Complexes of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase
06:31

Preparation of SNS Cobalt(II) Pincer Model Complexes of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Published on: March 19, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
10:57

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
07:30

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

Published on: January 21, 2020

Preparation of SNS Cobalt(II) Pincer Model Complexes of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase
06:31

Preparation of SNS Cobalt(II) Pincer Model Complexes of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Published on: March 19, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Nitrate pollution contaminates water and disrupts the nitrogen cycle.
  • Electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) offers a sustainable route to ammonia (NH3) production.
  • Proton (H+) scarcity in alkaline media hinders efficient NO3RR to NH3.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel electrocatalyst for efficient nitrate reduction to ammonia in alkaline media.
  • To overcome the challenge of proton deficiency in alkaline electrochemical nitrate reduction.
  • To introduce a new design strategy for covalent organic framework (COF) electrocatalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Microwave-assisted [4 + 3 + 2] polycondensation to synthesize PEPy-2CHO-TTA COF.
  • Characterization of the COF's structure and properties, focusing on pendant aldehyde groups.
  • Electrochemical testing of the COF for nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) in alkaline media.
  • Isotope labeling (K15NO3) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to elucidate the reaction mechanism.

Main Results:

  • The synthesized PEPy-2CHO-TTA COF exhibits pendant aldehyde groups that enhance water uptake and form structured hydration networks.
  • Localized proton transfer within the COF overcomes proton deficiency, enabling efficient NO3RR in alkaline conditions.
  • Achieved a Faradaic efficiency (FE) >95% and an NH3 yield rate of 5.87 mg h-1 cm-2.
  • Isotope labeling confirmed ammonia originates exclusively from nitrate reduction; DFT revealed the NO-to-NHO step as rate-limiting.

Conclusions:

  • PEPy-2CHO-TTA COF provides an effective solution for nitrate reduction to ammonia in alkaline media without external acidification or metal catalysts.
  • Pendant aldehydes within COFs can act as molecular handles for water-mediated proton transport, establishing a new design paradigm.
  • This approach offers a promising strategy for simultaneous nitrate remediation and sustainable ammonia synthesis.