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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR01:59

CRISPR

Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short...
CRISPR01:59

CRISPR

Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short...
The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this defense.
CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Rapid and Specific Detection of Acinetobacter baumannii Infections Using a Recombinase Polymerase Amplification/Cas12a-based System
07:59

Rapid and Specific Detection of Acinetobacter baumannii Infections Using a Recombinase Polymerase Amplification/Cas12a-based System

Published on: April 25, 2025

A Noncontiguous Code for RNA-Guided DNA Recognition Preceded CRISPR.

Peter H Yoon1,2, Kenneth Loi1,2, Zeyuan Zhang2,3

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|May 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered the ancient Viral Interference Programmable Repeat (VIPR) system, predating CRISPR-Cas. This system uses novel vrRNAs for programmable DNA targeting, offering new genetic control mechanisms and revealing evolutionary roots of adaptive immunity.

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CRISPR Guide RNA Cloning for Mammalian Systems
06:48

CRISPR Guide RNA Cloning for Mammalian Systems

Published on: October 2, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Rapid and Specific Detection of Acinetobacter baumannii Infections Using a Recombinase Polymerase Amplification/Cas12a-based System
07:59

Rapid and Specific Detection of Acinetobacter baumannii Infections Using a Recombinase Polymerase Amplification/Cas12a-based System

Published on: April 25, 2025

CRISPR Guide RNA Cloning for Mammalian Systems
06:48

CRISPR Guide RNA Cloning for Mammalian Systems

Published on: October 2, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • CRISPR-Cas systems provide adaptive immunity via RNA-guided proteins, but their evolutionary origins remain unclear.
  • Understanding the ancient mechanisms of adaptive immunity can illuminate fundamental biological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discover and characterize novel systems related to adaptive immunity.
  • To investigate the evolutionary history and functional mechanisms of ancient defense systems against viruses.

Main Methods:

  • Discovery and characterization of the Viral Interference Programmable Repeat (VIPR) system.
  • Analysis of vrRNA structure and function in recognizing double-stranded DNA.
  • Demonstration of programmable phage defense using the VIPR system.

Main Results:

  • Identified VIPR systems, comprising ancient Vipr proteins and vrRNAs with unique GGY/NN motifs.
  • vrRNAs recognize double-stranded DNA via a noncontiguous code, distinct from canonical guide RNAs.
  • VIPR systems target competing phages, enabling programmable defense and transcriptional repression.

Conclusions:

  • The VIPR system represents an ancient form of adaptive immunity, predating CRISPR-Cas.
  • VIPR systems reveal a novel logic for programmable genetic control through gapped DNA recognition.
  • The evolutionary roots of adaptive immunity are linked to ancient viral warfare.