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General Transcription Factors

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome. Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome. Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...

Transcription Factors

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Analyzing Telomeric Protein-DNA Interactions Using Single-Molecule Magnetic Tweezers

Analyzing Telomeric Protein-DNA Interactions Using Single-Molecule Magnetic Tweezers

Published on: August 30, 2024

TFIIIC regulates SMC complex binding and 3D DNA contacts between tRNA genes.

Daniel Obaji¹, Jun Kim¹, Yetunde Olagbegi¹

¹Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology

|May 7, 2026

Summary

Transcription factor IIIC (TFIIIC) regulates genome 3D organization and SMC complex binding, independent of RNA polymerase III transcription. This study reveals TFIIIC

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

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Published on: September 8, 2021

Area of Science:

* Molecular Biology
* Genomics
* Chromosome Biology

Background:

* Transcription factor IIIC (TFIIIC) is crucial for RNA polymerase III (Pol III) transcription.
* TFIIIC binding sites overlap with Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) complexes, suggesting a role in genome organization.
* Previous evidence was correlational due to TFIIIC's essential role in transcription.

Purpose of the Study:

* To directly investigate the function of TFIIIC in SMC complex regulation and 3D genome organization.
* To determine if TFIIIC's role in genome organization is independent of its transcriptional function.
* To elucidate TFIIIC's impact on cohesin and condensin localization and tRNA gene contacts.

Main Methods:

* Utilized auxin-inducible depletion system in *C. elegans* to acutely deplete TFIIIC subunits.
* Performed Hi-C and ChIP-seq analyses to assess genome-wide chromatin interactions and protein binding.
* Analyzed the localization of SMC complexes (cohesin and condensin) and tRNA gene contacts.

Main Results:

* TFIIIC regulates the localization of both cohesin and condensin.
* TFIIIC is essential for increased 3D contacts between distant tRNA genes.
* Depletion of SMC complexes alone did not significantly disrupt intrachromosomal tRNA gene contacts, indicating potential redundancy or alternative mechanisms.

Conclusions:

* TFIIIC possesses an RNA Polymerase III-independent function in regulating SMC complex binding.
* TFIIIC plays a significant role in the 3D organization of tRNA genes.
* This study provides direct evidence for TFIIIC's involvement in chromatin architecture beyond its transcriptional role.