Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
Cerebral Hemispheres01:05

Cerebral Hemispheres

The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

Lobes of the Cerebrum

The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Deciphering Genetic control of grain quality, zinc, and iron content in rice using six-parameter generation mean analysis.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Improved autobiographical memory with central thalamic deep brain stimulation in traumatic brain injury.

Brain communications·2026
Same author

A mosaic of whole-body representations on the human precentral gyrus.

Nature·2026
Same author

Stereotactic electroencephalogram lead placement in patient with hemophilia B: illustrative case.

Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons·2026
Same author

Long-term independent use of an intracortical brain-computer interface for speech and cursor control.

Nature medicine·2026
Same author

Neural decoding of speech using deep neural ensembles.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Layered social competition coordinates reproductive hierarchy formation in ants.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Combination epigenetic-targeted therapy increases the immunogenicity of poorly immunogenic sarcomas.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Loss of LanC-like proteins delays post-injury regeneration of aging skeletal muscles.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Integrative Transfer Network: Deep Transfer Learning Across Populations and Prediction Targets.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Confidence-supported label-free metabolic imaging with FPhaS phase autofluorescence microscopy.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Sequence-encoded autoinhibition couples mRNA decapping activity to phase separation.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Study Design for Navigated Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Speech Cortical Mapping
09:16

Study Design for Navigated Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Speech Cortical Mapping

Published on: March 24, 2023

Premotor cortex uses a compositional neural geometry to plan words.

Benyamin Abramovich Krasa1, Erin M Kunz2,3, Foram Kamdar4

  • 1Neuroscience Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|May 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The brain composes whole word plans from individual phoneme representations during speech preparation. This hierarchical planning mechanism in the premotor cortex allows for flexible generation of novel spoken sequences.

More Related Videos

Translational Brain Mapping at the University of Rochester Medical Center: Preserving the Mind Through Personalized Brain Mapping
13:12

Translational Brain Mapping at the University of Rochester Medical Center: Preserving the Mind Through Personalized Brain Mapping

Published on: August 12, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Study Design for Navigated Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Speech Cortical Mapping
09:16

Study Design for Navigated Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Speech Cortical Mapping

Published on: March 24, 2023

Translational Brain Mapping at the University of Rochester Medical Center: Preserving the Mind Through Personalized Brain Mapping
13:12

Translational Brain Mapping at the University of Rochester Medical Center: Preserving the Mind Through Personalized Brain Mapping

Published on: August 12, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Linguistics
  • Speech Motor Control

Background:

  • The brain must precisely order words and phonemes for novel speech production.
  • Flexible preparation allows for the generation of previously unheard words.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how neural populations in the premotor cortex achieve flexible speech preparation.
  • To understand the mechanism of compositional planning for novel word sequences.

Main Methods:

  • Recorded intracortical activity from the premotor cortex in two participants of a speech neuroprosthesis clinical trial.
  • Participants attempted to speak factorially-balanced phoneme sequences.
  • Analyzed neural activity during the preparation phase of speech production.

Main Results:

  • Neural activity encoded not only the next phoneme but multiple upcoming phoneme positions, representing whole words.
  • Word-level plans were formed by compositionally combining phoneme representations.
  • Premotor cortex activity was largely limited to the first word in multi-word utterances, suggesting hierarchical segmentation.

Conclusions:

  • The premotor cortex employs a compositional, hierarchically-segmented planning geometry for speech.
  • This neural strategy may enable efficient planning of novel spoken sequences.
  • Hierarchical segmentation by higher-order features could be a universal neural strategy for language sequence organization.