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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders
08:33

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders

Published on: December 4, 2014

Association between Objective and Subjective Olfactory Dysfunction in SARS-CoV-2-Positive Patients Undergoing Skull

Bastien A Valencia-Sanchez1, Prishae Wilson1, Natasha N Najmi1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, United States.

Journal of Neurological Surgery. Part B, Skull Base
|May 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Patients with recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection were more likely to report olfactory dysfunction after skull base surgery. This subjective change was not reflected in objective smell tests, suggesting SARS-CoV-2 may affect smell perception post-surgery.

Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2UPSITolfactionolfactory dysfunctionskull base surgery

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03:42

High-Speed Human Temporal Bone Sectioning for the Assessment of COVID-19-Associated Middle Ear Pathology

Published on: May 18, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is a known symptom of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.
  • Endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery (EESBS) can impact olfactory function.
  • The interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and olfactory outcomes after EESBS requires investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between objective and subjective olfactory assessments in patients with recent SARS-CoV-2 infection undergoing EESBS.
  • To compare olfactory dysfunction rates between SARS-CoV-2-positive and SARS-CoV-2-negative patients undergoing EESBS.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study including adult patients who underwent EESBS for sellar/parasellar lesion resection.
  • Collected pre- and postoperative self-reported olfactory dysfunction and University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) scores.
  • Compared outcomes between patients with and without recent SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Main Results:

  • Patients with recent SARS-CoV-2 infection showed similar rates of preoperative olfactory assessment discrepancies compared to controls.
  • SARS-CoV-2-positive patients were twice as likely to report postoperative subjective olfactory dysfunction (46.2% vs 18.1%).
  • No significant differences in mean preoperative or postoperative UPSIT scores were observed between groups.

Conclusions:

  • Recent SARS-CoV-2 infection may increase the likelihood of self-reported olfactory dysfunction after EESBS.
  • This subjective olfactory dysfunction post-SARS-CoV-2 was not correlated with objective psychophysical testing results.
  • SARS-CoV-2 infection might uniquely influence subjective olfactory recovery following skull base surgery.