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Millisecond-Delayed Fluorescence in Heavy-Halogen-Substituted TADF Emitters for Air-Pressure Sensing.

Fang Zhao1, Christian Hernández-Álvarez1, Illia E Serdiuk2

  • 1Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Chemistry, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|May 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary

New luminescent materials based on heavy-halogen substituted emitters show promise for optical pressure sensing. These materials exhibit oxygen-regulated thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) for sensitive pressure detection.

Keywords:
charge-transfer stateshalogen substituted organic phosphorsoptical manometersoxygen quenchingpressure-dependent photoluminescencethermally activated delayed fluorescence

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Photophysics
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Developing luminescent materials with tunable responses to external stimuli is crucial for advanced optical sensing technologies.
  • Donor-acceptor emitters are key components in designing materials for specific optical applications.
  • Oxygen concentration significantly impacts luminescence through triplet quenching mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and investigate heavy-halogen substituted donor-acceptor emitters for low-pressure optical sensing.
  • To explore the relationship between oxygen concentration, pressure, and luminescence intensity.
  • To evaluate the impact of halogen substitution on sensing performance and photophysical properties.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of two heavy-halogen substituted donor-acceptor emitters based on a dibenzo[a,c]phenazine-3,6-dicarbonitrile scaffold.
  • Investigation of photophysical properties, including thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), in Zeonex films under UV excitation (365 nm).
  • Measurement of luminescence intensity dependence on oxygen concentration and pressure across different ranges.

Main Results:

  • Both synthesized compounds exhibited TADF, with emission intensity strongly dependent on oxygen concentration and thus pressure.
  • Reduced pressure led to enhanced delayed fluorescence due to suppressed oxygen-induced triplet quenching.
  • The brominated derivative achieved a maximum pressure sensitivity of 6.8% mbar⁻¹ (0.1-100 mbar), and the iodinated analogue reached 1.8% mbar⁻¹ (1-700 mbar).
  • Low temperature dependence ensured reliable pressure readings.

Conclusions:

  • Heavy-halogen substitution is an effective strategy for creating oxygen-regulated TADF materials for optical pressure sensing.
  • The synthesized emitters demonstrate potential for sensitive and reliable low-pressure optical sensing applications.
  • Tailoring photophysical processes through halogenation allows for optimization of sensing performance.