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Examining the relationship between employment and self-efficacy among women on probation and parole
Timothy I Lawrence1, Logan Yelderman2, Melissa Tolentino1
1Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education and Human Development, Texas A&M University.
Abstract:
Self-efficacy is an important aspect of successful offender rehabilitation in the community. However, few studies have tested the effects of background risk factors on changes in overall self-efficacy. Therefore, guided by the self-determination theory, the present study aims to address these limitations by exploring the impact of parole or probation status, prior substance use and violent convictions, and employment status on changes in self-efficacy of women on probation and parole (N = 349). Results suggested that parole and probation status and prior violent or drug-related convictions were not predictive of changes in the overall general sense of self-efficacy. However, women who gained or maintained employment reported increases in self-efficacy while women who lost employment or whose employment was reduced from full- to part-time reported decreases in self-efficacy. This research emphasizes the importance of employment in general self-efficacy. Implications are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
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