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Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...

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Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test, Measurement of Lung Function, and Fixation of the Lung to Study the Impact of Obesity and Impaired Metabolism on Pulmonary Outcomes

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Type 2 Diabetes and the Lung - Cause and Consequence.

Dinah Foer^1,2,3, Tianshi David Wu⁴, Juan C Celedón⁵

¹Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. dfoer@bwh.harvard.edu.

Current Diabetes Reports

|May 7, 2026

Summary

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is linked to lung diseases like asthma and COPD. Managing both conditions together is crucial for better patient outcomes and reducing health risks.

Keywords:

Asthma Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists Hyperglycemia Hyperinsulinemia

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Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test, Measurement of Lung Function, and Fixation of the Lung to Study the Impact of Obesity and Impaired Metabolism on Pulmonary Outcomes

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Published on: December 7, 2017

Area of Science:

Pulmonary Medicine
Endocrinology
Clinical Research

Background:

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a frequent comorbidity in patients diagnosed with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
A bidirectional relationship between T2D and lung health is supported by basic, translational, and clinical research.
Insulin resistance and hyperglycemia are linked to pulmonary inflammation, increased risk of respiratory exacerbations, and greater disease severity.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize existing literature on the association between T2D and obstructive airway diseases.
To identify clinical care implications for patients with both conditions.

Main Methods:

Literature synthesis of basic, translational, and clinical studies.
Review of animal models and human studies investigating T2D and lung disease.
Examination of the role of corticosteroids and glucose-lowering medications.

Main Results:

T2D exacerbates pulmonary inflammation and increases respiratory exacerbation risk.
Corticosteroids, used for respiratory conditions, can worsen metabolic dysregulation.
Ongoing trials are evaluating glucose-lowering medications for asthma.
Patients with comorbid T2D and obstructive airway diseases face higher risks of adverse outcomes.

Conclusions:

Co-management of T2D and obstructive airway diseases is essential.
Improved cross-disciplinary care can reduce risks and multimorbidity.
Further research is needed to establish optimal clinical pathways for integrated care.