Fermented Durian Tempoyak as a Source of Probiotics for Colorectal Cancer Prevention through Gut Microbiome...

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major global and Malaysian public health concern, with increasing recognition of gut dysbiosis as a contributor to colorectal tumorigenesis. This review examines fermented durian tempoyak as a culturally relevant, probiotic-rich traditional food with potential application in CRC prevention through gut microbiome modulation.

Dysbiosis may promote CRC through disruption of gut barrier integrity, chronic mucosal inflammation, immune dysregulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated DNA damage, and altered microbial metabolism leading to carcinogenic metabolites such as secondary bile acids and hydrogen sulphide. Tempoyak commonly contains lactic acid bacteria, particularly Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, as well as Limosilactobacillus fermentum and Levilactobacillus brevis. Preclinical evidence suggests that related LAB strains can attenuate NF-κB, MAPK, STAT3, IL-17, and COX-2-associated inflammatory pathways, reduce immune-cell infiltration and oxidative stress, restore mucus and tight junction proteins, modulate bile acid metabolism, and reduce tumor burden in CRC or colitis-associated CRC models. Current evidence supports the mechanistic plausibility of tempoyak-associated LABs as microbiome-based agents for CRC chemoprevention. However, direct evidence using tempoyak-derived strains remains limited, and translation is constrained by strain-specific effects, microbial variability, sensory acceptability, safety and standardisation issues, and uncertain LAB viability after cooking. Future studies should prioritise strain characterisation, starter culture standardisation, probiotic stabilisation strategies, CRC-specific preclinical models, and well-designed human trials in high-risk populations.