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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Vaccines

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

Humoral Immune Responses

Humoral Immune Responses

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Simultaneous Quantification of Anti-vector and Anti-transgene-Specific CD8+ T Cells Via MHC I Tetramer Staining After Vaccination with a Viral Vector

Simultaneous Quantification of Anti-vector and Anti-transgene-Specific CD8⁺ T Cells Via MHC I Tetramer Staining After Vaccination with a Viral Vector

Published on: November 28, 2018

Chemokine dynamics after mRNA vaccination.

L Marques Palma¹, S Schlaweck¹, C Flores¹

¹University of Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Clinic III for Hematology and Oncology, Bonn, Germany.

Immunology Letters

|May 7, 2026

Summary

mRNA-1273 vaccination boosts immune responses by altering chemokine levels and receptor expression on immune cells, correlating with higher antibody titers. This dynamic regulation supports effective innate and adaptive immunity post-vaccination.

Keywords:

B cells COVID-19 Chemokines Monocytes NK cells SARS-CoV-2 T cells mRNA vaccination

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Simultaneous Quantification of Anti-vector and Anti-transgene-Specific CD8+ T Cells Via MHC I Tetramer Staining After Vaccination with a Viral Vector

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Whole Blood Assay with Dual Co-Stimulation for Antigen-Specific Analysis of Host Immunity to Fungal and Viral Pathogens

Published on: September 20, 2024

Area of Science:

Immunology
Vaccinology

Background:

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have become crucial for vaccine development, particularly since the COVID-19 pandemic.
Effective vaccines require rapid and durable immune responses, influenced by chemokines, cytokines, and chemokine receptors.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the regulation of chemokines, cytokines, and chemokine receptors following mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.
To characterize the resulting immune cell profile and its correlation with vaccine efficacy.

Main Methods:

Quantified SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titers using ELISA.
Measured serum chemokine and cytokine levels via bead-based immunoassays at multiple time points post-vaccination.
Analyzed chemokine receptor expression on immune cells using flow cytometry.

Main Results:

mRNA-1273 vaccination increased levels of type 1 and type 2 cytokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines (CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CCL2, CCL4) within four days post-vaccination.
Vaccination altered chemokine receptor expression on various immune cell subsets, including CD4 T cells, B cells, and monocytes.
Elevated CXCR4 expression on RBD+ B cells correlated positively with high neutralizing antibody titers.

Conclusions:

Demonstrated dynamic, cell-specific chemokine regulation early after mRNA booster vaccination.
This chemokine modulation is crucial for inducing efficient innate and adaptive immune responses.
Findings highlight the role of chemokines in the success of mRNA-based vaccines.