A Perspective on the Role of Gas Hydrates in Carbon Capture, Transport, and Sequestration

Gas hydrate-based carbon capture, transport, and sequestration (GH-CCS) has emerged as a promising alternative for mitigating anthropogenic CO₂ emissions. Gas hydrates selectively encapsulate CO₂ within crystalline water frameworks under moderate pressure and temperature conditions, offering advantages such as solvent-free operation, high selectivity, and inherent stability for long-term storage. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of GH-CCS across the entire process chain, including CO₂ capture, transport, and sequestration. Recent advances in hydrate-based separation from fuel gas (CO₂/H₂) and flue gas (CO₂/N₂) streams are discussed, with emphasis on phase behavior, promoters, and reactor design. Developments in hydrate-based CO₂ transport are examined, focusing on slurry transport, rheology, and flow assurance challenges. Sequestration strategies in marine sediments, geological formations, and permafrost regions are also reviewed, including CO₂-CH₄ exchange mechanisms. Key technical and economic challenges such as hydrate formation kinetics, energy requirements, scale-up feasibility, and long-term storage stability are critically assessed, and future research directions are outlined.