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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...

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The Relationship Between Relative Humeral Retrotorsion Difference and Shoulder Strength Measures in Collegiate Baseball Athletes.

Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine·2026
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Clinical and Demographic Factors Associated With Baseline PROMIS Categorization in Shoulder and Elbow Patients.

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Scaption and Rotational Strength Deficits in Collegiate Baseball Athletes With Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury: A Matched Cross-Sectional Study.

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No Differences Exist in Leg-Length-Normalized Y-Balance Test Scores Between Injured and Uninjured Baseball Athletes.

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Influence of Humeral Retrotorsion on Glenohumeral Range of Motion in Healthy Collegiate Softball Players.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
06:09

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Published on: March 12, 2021

Aligning Self-Perceived Shoulder and Elbow Function With Risk Factors for Shoulder and Elbow Injury in Baseball

William C Smoot1, Xavier A Becsey1, Ramsa Kazi1,2

  • 1The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Houston, Texas.

Sports Health
|May 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Five key factors, including age and strength differences, predict shoulder and elbow function scores in baseball players. These findings aid in understanding self-perceived function and injury risk.

Keywords:
KJOC scorebaseball athletespatient-reported outcome measuresrisk factorsshoulder and elbow injuries

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Published on: May 26, 2020

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
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Published on: March 12, 2021

An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field
06:52

An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field

Published on: May 26, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Orthopaedic surgery
  • Sports medicine
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • The Kerlan Jobe Orthopaedic Clinical Shoulder and Elbow Score (KJOC) is a valuable tool for assessing shoulder and elbow function in baseball athletes.
  • Limitations in KJOC implementation highlight the need to identify predictors of poor self-perceived function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify demographic and clinical variables that predict Kerlan Jobe Orthopaedic Clinical Shoulder and Elbow Score (KJOC) scores in injured baseball athletes.
  • To determine if risk factors for shoulder or elbow injury explain variance in KJOC scores.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of 379 baseball athletes who completed the KJOC.
  • Collected demographic data and objective clinical measures.
  • Utilized stepwise linear regression with 18 variables to identify predictors of KJOC scores.

Main Results:

  • Five variables explained 13% of the variance in KJOC scores.
  • Age was the most significant predictor (6.4%), followed by normalized rotational strength differences (1.6-2.5%).
  • Humeral retrotorsion-corrected glenohumeral internal rotation (1.3%) and height (0.9%) also contributed.

Conclusions:

  • Demographic and objective measures significantly predict self-perceived shoulder and elbow function in injured baseball athletes.
  • Findings support using patient-reported outcome measures like KJOC alongside objective screening.
  • Identifying predictive variables can improve screening for shoulder and elbow injury risk.