Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 9, 2026

Extracellular Glucose Depletion as an Indirect Measure of Glucose Uptake in Cells and Tissues Ex Vivo
Published on: April 6, 2022
The Role of Glutathione Insufficiency in Immune Dysfunction and Increased Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infections in
Vivian Yu1, Vivian Zhong1, Eashan Sharma1
1College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
Abstract:
Glutathione (GSH), a critical antioxidant, plays an essential role in immune function and cellular health. In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), GSH deficiency exacerbates oxidative stress, impairs immune responses, and increases susceptibility to viral infections, including COVID-19. Chronic hyperglycemia, inflammation, and oxidative damage characteristic of T2DM create a pathological environment that heightens the risk of severe outcomes. This review explores mechanisms linking GSH insufficiency to worsened viral infections, immune dysfunction, and complications such as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and thrombosis. We focus on GSH's role in SARS-CoV-2 replication and how its deficiency impairs immune defenses, increasing vulnerability in T2DM patients. Potential therapeutic strategies to restore GSH levels, including Nacetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation and liposomal GSH, are discussed. Addressing GSH deficiency may enhance resilience to infections and reduce disease severity in T2DM. By unraveling molecular connections between GSH insufficiency, immune dysfunction, and viral pathogenesis, novel therapies may improve outcomes and mitigate infection severity.
Related Concept Videos
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational
Type I Diabetes I: Introduction
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
