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Updated: May 9, 2026

Conformable Wearable Electrodes: From Fabrication to Electrophysiological Assessment
10:03

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Published on: July 22, 2022

Biomimetic Hydrogels with Oxidative Cross-Linking for Ionically Conductive Interfaces in Long-Term Wearable

Kai-Hsiang Chang1, Wen-Ya Lee2, Jiashing Yu1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.

Biomacromolecules
|May 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

We created a new dopamine-grafted cellulose hydrogel (CMCDA') for wearable electronics. This advanced biomaterial offers stable, conductive interfaces for reliable, long-term bioelectronic monitoring.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Stable, low-impedance interfaces are crucial for long-term wearable bioelectronics.
  • Existing interfaces often struggle with mechanical stability and long-term performance.
  • Biomimetic hydrogels offer potential solutions for advanced bioelectronic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize a novel dopamine-grafted carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel (CMCDA").
  • To elucidate the structural properties of dopamine-grafted polysaccharides using NMR.
  • To evaluate the performance of CMCDA' as a wearable bioelectronic interface.

Main Methods:

  • Dopamine grafting onto carboxymethyl cellulose (CMCDA).
  • Oxidative cross-linking to form CMCDA' hydrogels.
  • Multidimensional (1D/2D) NMR for structural elucidation.
  • Mechanical property testing, conductivity measurements, and long-term wearable electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring.

Main Results:

  • Detailed structural insights into amide formation, Schiff base/Michael addition, and polydopamine segments.
  • CMCDA' hydrogels exhibit mechanical robustness, hydrophilicity, and strong adhesion.
  • Achieved ionic conductivity of 5-10 S m-1 with stable impedance.
  • Demonstrated reliable one-week ECG acquisition, outperforming commercial gels on curved surfaces.

Conclusions:

  • Oxidative cross-linking yields robust, cellulose-derived hydrogels with excellent interfacial properties.
  • CMCDA' hydrogels serve as sustainable, ionically conductive interfaces for long-term wearable bioelectronics.
  • This work provides a promising material for advanced bioelectronic device development.