Effects of troxerutin on schizophrenia-like behaviors and oxidative damage in mice

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of troxerutin on ketamine-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors in male mice, as well as its effects on antioxidant levels in brain tissue and serum cytokines. There were four experimental groups, each consisting of six male mice. The control group did not receive any treatment, the ketamine group was administered ketamine (30 mg/kg, ip), the troxerutin group was given troxerutin (150 mg/kg, orally), and the combined group was treated with both ketamine (30 mg/kg, ip) and troxerutin (150 mg/kg, orally). The animals were given troxerutin for a period of 30 days. Ketamine was injected once a day between days 16 and 30 of the study. At the end of the study, symptoms similar to schizophrenia were evaluated using novel object recognition, tail suspension, forced swimming, and open field assessments. Furthermore, measurements were taken of serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β. Subsequently, animals were euthanized and the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were assessed in both the brain cortex and sub-cortex. According to the results, ketamine resulted in a significant decrease in body weight and the frequency of crossings in the open field assay, while enhancing immobility duration in the tail suspension and forced swim assessments (P < 0.05). Furthermore, ketamine significantly heightened memory deficits (P < 0.05). Pre-treatment with troxerutin significantly reduced the effects of ketamine on body weight, open field test outcomes, and immobility duration (P < 0.05). The results indicated that troxerutin can protect the brain from ketamine-induced issues in mice by reducing behavioral deficits, oxidative stress, and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines.