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Related Concept Videos

Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
Pain01:20

Pain

Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
Nociception01:44

Nociception

Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain. Thus, pain helps the...
Chronic Pancreatitis II: Collaborative Care01:29

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Collaborative Care

The management of chronic pancreatitis is multifaceted, involving a comprehensive approach that includes thorough assessment, diagnostic testing, and a variety of management strategies.
Assessment:
COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features01:20

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
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Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial of Cranial Electrical Stimulation for Fibromyalgia Pain and Physical Function, Using Brain Imaging Biomarkers
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Chronic Pain: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management.

Zhihao Shang1,2, Zijiao Tian2, Zhaoquan Wang2

  • 1Beijing Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Beijing Friendship Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.

Medcomm
|May 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Chronic pain is a complex disease driven by maladaptive plasticity. Precision medicine, using biomarkers and deep phenotyping, is key to overcoming treatment challenges and improving outcomes.

Keywords:
chronic painglobal burdenmaladaptive neural plasticitymultidisciplinary approachesneuro–immune interactionsprecision medicine

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Published on: October 6, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Chronic pain is a global health crisis and leading cause of disability.
  • It is recognized as a distinct disease entity driven by maladaptive plasticity, not just symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize the current understanding of chronic pain mechanisms and management.
  • To bridge epidemiological data with pathophysiological insights.
  • To highlight emerging research areas and evaluate clinical strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on chronic pain pathophysiology.
  • Analysis of biological networks involved in pain chronification.
  • Evaluation of pharmacological, neuromodulation, and digital therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Chronic pain involves complex mechanisms: peripheral sensitization, ion channel dysfunction, central reorganization, neuro-immune crosstalk, glial activation, and autoantibodies.
  • Emerging areas include sexual dimorphism, metabolic reprogramming, and epigenetic memory.
  • A translational gap exists between basic science and clinical application.

Conclusions:

  • A paradigm shift towards mechanism-based precision medicine is needed.
  • Biomarkers and deep phenotyping are crucial for revolutionizing therapeutic outcomes.
  • Personalized approaches will improve chronic pain management.