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Related Concept Videos

Blood Flow01:29

Blood Flow

Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.
Laminar and Turbulent Flow01:07

Laminar and Turbulent Flow

Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids in motion. Velocity vectors are often used to illustrate fluid motion in applications like meteorology. For example, wind—the fluid motion of air in the atmosphere—can be represented by vectors indicating the speed and direction of the wind at any given point on a map. Another method for representing fluid motion is a streamline. A streamline represents the path of a small volume of fluid as it flows. When the flow pattern changes with time, the streamlines...
Overview of Pulmonary Circulation01:19

Overview of Pulmonary Circulation

The pulmonary circulation is a vital system in our body that acts as a bridge between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. It serves as a transport network for deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and then returns oxygen-rich blood back to the heart.
The process begins with the right ventricle of the heart pumping deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk. This large vessel extends about 5 centimeters before splitting into the left and right pulmonary arteries. These arteries...
Autoregulation of Blood Flow01:17

Autoregulation of Blood Flow

Autoregulation mechanisms are characterized by their inherent capacity for self-regulation without necessitating specific nervous stimulation or endocrine control. These mechanisms facilitate the adjustment of blood flow and, therefore, perfusion specific to each tissue region. This self-regulation encompasses chemical signals and myogenic controls.
Chemical Signaling in Autoregulation
Chemical signaling operates at the precapillary sphincter level, inciting either contraction or relaxation.
Turbulent Flow01:24

Turbulent Flow

Turbulent flow is characterized by unpredictable fluctuations in velocity and pressure, which result in a chaotic fluid movement distinct from the orderly patterns of laminar flow. While laminar flow is governed by smooth, parallel layers with minimal mixing, turbulent flow exhibits highly irregular, three-dimensional patterns. This behavior arises due to instabilities in the fluid's velocity profile, and amplifies as the flow velocity increases. Minor disturbances, known as turbulent spots,...
Overview of Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation01:15

Overview of Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation

The systemic and pulmonary circuits are crucial components of the circulatory system, working together to transport blood between the heart, lungs, and the rest of the body. The process begins with pulmonary circulation, where deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk and arteries. Upon reaching the lungs, the blood becomes oxygenated and returns to the heart, specifically to the left atrium, via the pulmonary veins.
The oxygenated blood is sent...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets
08:08

Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets

Published on: May 11, 2015

Pulsatile flow dynamics maintain pulmonary artery architecture.

Stephen B Spurgin1,2, Lauren Thai2, Tina C Wan3,4

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology, and.

JCI Insight
|May 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Loss of arterial pulsatility after Glenn surgery for single-ventricle congenital heart disease (SV-CHD) impacts pulmonary vessels. Restoring pulsatile forces may preserve vascular integrity in SV-CHD patients.

Keywords:
CardiologyCardiovascular diseaseEndothelial cellsGrowth factorsVascular biology

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Characterization of the Isolated, Ventilated, and Instrumented Mouse Lung Perfused with Pulsatile Flow
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In Vitro Model of Physiological and Pathological Blood Flow with Application to Investigations of Vascular Cell Remodeling
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In Vitro Model of Physiological and Pathological Blood Flow with Application to Investigations of Vascular Cell Remodeling

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets
08:08

Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets

Published on: May 11, 2015

Characterization of the Isolated, Ventilated, and Instrumented Mouse Lung Perfused with Pulsatile Flow
10:02

Characterization of the Isolated, Ventilated, and Instrumented Mouse Lung Perfused with Pulsatile Flow

Published on: April 29, 2011

In Vitro Model of Physiological and Pathological Blood Flow with Application to Investigations of Vascular Cell Remodeling
07:30

In Vitro Model of Physiological and Pathological Blood Flow with Application to Investigations of Vascular Cell Remodeling

Published on: November 3, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Pediatric Cardiology
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Single-ventricle congenital heart disease (SV-CHD) is a severe condition necessitating the Glenn procedure.
  • The Glenn surgery eliminates arterial pulsatility, leading to pulmonary vascular complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify pulsatility loss in Glenn patients across flow, pressure, and stretch dimensions.
  • To investigate the impact of individual pulsatility loss dimensions on pulmonary vasculature using in vitro and in vivo models.

Main Methods:

  • Cardiac catheterization and MRI were used to measure pulsatility in Glenn patients.
  • Pulmonary artery endothelial cells (ECs) were subjected to pulsatile and non-pulsatile mechanical stimuli in vitro.
  • A rat Glenn model was utilized to confirm in vivo findings.

Main Results:

  • Each force dimension (flow, pressure, stretch) induced distinct transcriptional responses in ECs.
  • Pulsatile stretch uniquely promoted EC secretion of PDGFB, crucial for vascular smooth muscle cell (vSMC) recruitment.
  • Loss of pulsatility in vivo resulted in vascular wall thinning and reduced PDGFB signaling.

Conclusions:

  • A mechanistic link exists between endothelial stretch sensing and PDGFB-mediated EC-vSMC crosstalk, vital for pulmonary artery structure.
  • Restoring or mimicking pulsatile forces could be a therapeutic strategy to maintain vascular integrity in SV-CHD patients.