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Related Concept Videos

Non-inertial Frames of Reference01:27

Non-inertial Frames of Reference

A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...
Inertial Frames of Reference01:03

Inertial Frames of Reference

Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with constant...
State Space Representation01:27

State Space Representation

The frequency-domain technique, commonly used in analyzing and designing feedback control systems, is effective for linear, time-invariant systems. However, it falls short when dealing with nonlinear, time-varying, and multiple-input multiple-output systems. The time-domain or state-space approach addresses these limitations by utilizing state variables to construct simultaneous, first-order differential equations, known as state equations, for an nth-order system.
Consider an RLC circuit, a...
Relative Velocity in One Dimension01:10

Relative Velocity in One Dimension

The understanding of the concept of reference frames is essential to discuss relative motion in one or more dimensions. When we say that an object has a certain velocity, we must state the velocity with respect to a given reference frame. In most examples, this reference frame has been Earth. For instance, if a statement reads that a person is sitting in a train moving at 10 m/s east, then it implies that the person on the train is moving relative to the surface of Earth at this velocity,...
Basic Operations on Signals01:22

Basic Operations on Signals

Basic signal operations include time reversal, time scaling, time shifting, and amplitude transformations. These operations are fundamental in signal processing and analysis.
Time Reversal mirrors a continuous-time signal about the vertical axis at t=0. This is achieved by substituting t with −t. For example, if a signal x(t) is considered, the time-reversed signal is x(−t). This operation can be graphically represented, showing the mirrored signal.
Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control01:21

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control

Phase-lag controllers are widely used in control systems to improve stability and reduce steady-state errors. A dimmer switch controlling the brightness of a light bulb serves as a practical example of phase-lag control, gradually adjusting the bulb's brightness. Mathematically, phase-lag control or low-pass filtering is represented when the factor 'a' is less than 1.
Phase-lag controllers do not place a pole at zero, but instead influence the steady-state error by amplifying any finite,...

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Updated: May 9, 2026

Decoding Natural Behavior from Neuroethological Embedding
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Decoding Natural Behavior from Neuroethological Embedding

Published on: October 3, 2025

Neural representation of time across complementary reference frames.

Yangwen Xu1,2, Nicola Sartorato1,3,4, Léo Dutriaux1,5

  • 1Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.

Elife
|May 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Humans flexibly construe time using spatial metaphors. The hippocampus stores event memories perspective-agnostically, while the posterior parietal cortex retrieves them egocentrically, enabling flexible temporal experiences.

Keywords:
episodic memoryhippocampushumanmental time travelneuroscienceparietal cortexreference framestemporal cognition

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Assessing the Multiple Dimensions of Engagement to Characterize Learning: A Neurophysiological Perspective
13:57

Assessing the Multiple Dimensions of Engagement to Characterize Learning: A Neurophysiological Perspective

Published on: July 1, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging
  • Human Spatial Cognition

Background:

  • Humans conceptualize time spatially, enabling flexible mental time travel and watching.
  • Understanding the neural basis of these flexible temporal construals is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying internal (egocentric) and external (allocentric) temporal perspective-taking.
  • To differentiate the roles of brain regions in perspective-dependent and perspective-independent temporal processing.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a temporal judgment task.
  • Participants learned a fictional event sequence and adopted either an internal or external perspective.
  • Behavioral analysis of symbolic distance effect and fMRI data analysis.

Main Results:

  • Behavioral data confirmed perspective-specific symbolic distance effects.
  • Posterior parietal cortex (PPC) activation correlated with sequential distance differently for internal vs. external perspectives.
  • Anterior hippocampus (aHC) activation correlated with sequential distance irrespective of perspective.

Conclusions:

  • The hippocampus may support allocentric, perspective-invariant memory storage of event sequences.
  • The posterior parietal cortex may support egocentric retrieval, adapting to the task context.
  • Complementary allocentric and egocentric representations facilitate memory stability and temporal construal flexibility.