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Updated: May 9, 2026

Use of a Battery of Chemical and Ecotoxicological Methods for the Assessment of the Efficacy of Wastewater Treatment Processes to Remove Estrogenic Potency
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Indirect Electrochemical Oxidation Using Active Chlorine for Treating Distillery Effluent.

Perumal Asaithambi1,2, N M Hariharan3, Madhappan Santhamoorthy4

  • 1Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Technology and Architecture, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

Chemistryopen
|May 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Indirect-electrochemical oxidation (IEO) effectively treats distillery industrial wastewater (DIW), removing 85% of chemical oxygen demand (COD). This electrochemical method offers a sustainable solution for wastewater treatment, optimizing electrical energy consumption.

Keywords:
active chlorine oxidationelectrochemical processenergy consumptionpollutant degradationstainless steeltitanium with mixed metal oxidewastewater treatment

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Water Treatment Technologies

Background:

  • Billions lack access to safe drinking water, and untreated wastewater pollutes water sources, harming ecosystems and human health.
  • Electrochemical wastewater treatment offers effective, selective, and in-situ disinfection capabilities.
  • Distillery industrial wastewater (DIW) presents a significant treatment challenge due to its high organic load.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the usability and effectiveness of indirect-electrochemical oxidation (IEO) for treating DIW.
  • To evaluate treatment efficiency in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and electrical energy consumption (CEE).
  • To investigate the impact of operational parameters on IEO performance.

Main Methods:

  • Indirect-electrochemical oxidation (IEO) was employed to treat DIW.
  • Key operational parameters studied included current, pH, COD, supporting electrolyte concentration (SEC), electrolyte type (NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4, Na2CO3), and electrode gap.
  • Treatment efficiency (% COD removal) and CEE were measured using a UV/Vis-spectrophotometer.

Main Results:

  • Sodium chloride (NaCl) was identified as the most effective electrolyte.
  • Optimal conditions were determined as COD = 1000 mg L-1, SEC = 6 g L-1, stirring speed = 300 rpm, electrode gap = 2 cm, current = 0.27 Amp, and pH = 6.
  • Under optimal conditions, 85% COD removal was achieved with a CEE of 19.38 kWhr kg COD-1 over 6 hours.

Conclusions:

  • The IEO process demonstrates significant efficiency in removing contaminants from DIW.
  • IEO is a promising technology for wastewater treatment, balancing contaminant removal with manageable electrical energy usage.
  • The study highlights the potential of electrochemical methods for sustainable industrial wastewater management.