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Related Concept Videos

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
10:57

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

Key Strategies for Electrocatalytic C-N Coupling: From Reaction Pathways to Catalyst Engineering and Performance

Hanxiao Du1,2, Fu Liu1, Yunhao Wang1,2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|May 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Electrocatalytic C-N coupling offers a sustainable method for creating essential chemical bonds. This review details mechanisms, catalyst design, and evaluation for efficient synthesis in various applications.

Keywords:
C‐N couplingcatalyst designelectrocatalysiselectrosynthesisreaction mechanism

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Solar-Driven Electrochemical Green Fuel Production from CO2 and Water Using Ti3C2Tx MXene-Supported CuZn and NiCo Catalysts
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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Published on: December 6, 2021

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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
08:40

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Published on: December 6, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • C-N bond construction is vital for pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials.
  • Electrocatalytic C-N coupling provides an eco-friendly alternative with mild conditions.
  • Renewable energy integration enhances efficiency and control in C-N bond formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review recent advancements in electrocatalytic C-N coupling.
  • To elucidate reaction mechanisms, catalyst design, and evaluation methodologies.
  • To provide guidance for future research and practical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of activation mechanisms for diverse carbon and nitrogen sources.
  • Discussion of rational catalyst design strategies, including active site modulation and microenvironment optimization.
  • Summary of current evaluation methodologies and technical approaches.

Main Results:

  • Detailed insights into various electrocatalytic C-N coupling pathways.
  • Strategies for designing efficient catalysts by tuning active sites and local environments.
  • Comprehensive overview of performance evaluation systems for electrocatalytic C-N coupling.

Conclusions:

  • Electrocatalytic C-N coupling is a promising sustainable synthetic strategy.
  • Understanding structure-activity relationships is key for further development.
  • This review offers theoretical and technical support for advancing electrocatalytic C-N coupling applications.