Implementing Technology in Neuropsychological Assessments: A Scoping Review

Neuropsychological assessments are traditionally conducted in person using standardised pen-and-paper methods. Technology has enabled computerised, tablet-based, and videoconference-based alternatives that improve accessibility for individuals in rural areas or with mobility issues. Despite promising developments, implementation has been slow. This scoping review was conducted to identify the barriers and facilitators associated with implementing technology in neuropsychological assessments. The review followed Arksey and O'Malley's framework with Levac refinements and reported according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A comprehensive search was performed across eight electronic databases. Studies investigating technology-based neuropsychological or cognitive assessments examining barriers and/or facilitators in clinical and research settings were included. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full text. Data were analysed using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). The review included 48 studies spanning 1998 to 2025. These studies were predominantly focused on Dementia and cognitive disorders. Findings were mapped across 13 of 14 TDF domains and synthesised into six themes: user capabilities, technological infrastructure, user experience design, support systems, interest holder perceptions and preferences, and implementation context. Barriers included technology anxiety, physical/cognitive impairments, poor connectivity, and clinician concerns about clinical observation. The identified facilitators include comprehensive training, technical reliability, personalised support systems, and consideration of interest holder perspectives. These findings highlight that successful implementation requires systematic approaches prioritising human and organisational factors beyond technology validation alone. Implementation efforts should emphasise capacity building and interest holder perspectives. Further research is needed to develop evidence-based frameworks focusing on co-design and systematic change management.