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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
10:38

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Published on: July 16, 2015

Contralateral delay activity as a marker of visual working memory capacity: A multi-site registered replication.

Dawid Strzelczyk1, Peter E Clayson2, Heida Maria Sigurdardottir3

  • 1Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior
|May 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The contralateral delay activity (CDA) reliably tracks visual working memory (VWM) capacity. However, large-scale replication revealed that correlations between CDA and VWM may be overestimated due to selective reporting.

Keywords:
CDAEEGEEGManyLabsMemory capacityReplication

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

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Published on: December 5, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Electrophysiology
  • Psychology

Background:

  • The contralateral delay activity (CDA) is a key electrophysiological marker for visual working memory (VWM).
  • Concerns exist regarding the sufficiency of typical sample sizes in detecting CDA set size effects and brain-behavior correlations.
  • The #EEGManyLabs initiative aims to address replicability in electrophysiological research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To rigorously test the replicability of findings by Vogel and Machizawa (2004) concerning CDA and VWM capacity.
  • To investigate the robustness of the correlation between CDA amplitude changes and individual VWM capacity using a large, multi-site sample.
  • To assess potential overestimation of effect sizes and publication bias in previous CDA research.

Main Methods:

  • A multi-site replication study involving 304 participants across 10 laboratories.
  • Utilized a preregistered analysis plan to ensure transparency and rigor.
  • Employed electroencephalography (EEG) to measure CDA and cognitive tasks to assess VWM capacity.

Main Results:

  • Replicated the contralateral-ipsilateral asymmetry and observed increases in CDA amplitude with increasing set sizes (2 to 4, 2 to 6).
  • The hypothesized positive correlation between CDA amplitude increase and VWM capacity was not replicated (meta-analytic r = .15 vs. original r = .78).
  • Funnel-plot diagnostics suggested small-study inflation and publication bias in the existing literature.

Conclusions:

  • Reports of strong correlations between CDA amplitude and VWM capacity may be overestimated, potentially due to selective reporting.
  • The study underscores the importance of large-scale, preregistered, and transparent research for accurately characterizing brain-behavior associations.
  • Open science practices are crucial for robustly assessing individual-difference associations in psychophysiology.