The interplay of insulin signaling and neurotransmitters on sleep in Drosophila

Sleep is a fundamental homeostatic process regulated by innate circadian rhythms and conserved across various animal species. While the roles of neurotransmitters in sleep-wake cycles are well-documented, emerging research suggests that the metabolic hormone insulin significantly moderates sleep-associated neurotransmission. Despite these evident biological links, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Utilizing the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) as a genetic model, this review synthesizes recent findings regarding the interplay between insulin, neurotransmitters, and metabolism in context of sleep. By examining how dietary and metabolic factors influence these pathways, we aim to provide a foundation for developing targeted therapeutic interventions for sleep disorders.