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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacovigilance01:19

Pharmacovigilance

Post-marketing surveillance is a critical component of pharmaceutical regulation, often uncovering unanticipated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) once a drug is widely used over an extended period.
This process, termed pharmacovigilance, aims to detect, evaluate, and minimize harmful effects related to medication use. The data collection for pharmacovigilance depends on spontaneous reporting systems, where healthcare professionals or patients voluntarily report suspected ADRs.
In some cases, there...
Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists01:28

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates these...
Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention01:30

Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention

Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...
Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions01:25

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions

Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...
Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Monitoring PD-1-Blocking Antibodies Bound to T Cells Derived from a Drop of Peripheral Blood
06:07

Monitoring PD-1-Blocking Antibodies Bound to T Cells Derived from a Drop of Peripheral Blood

Published on: February 5, 2020

A Multidisciplinary Approach to Checkpoint Inhibitor Adverse Reactions.

Courtney N Andrews1, Eric M Mukherjee2, Andrew Gibson3

  • 1School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tenn.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. in Practice
|May 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors can cause serious immune-related adverse events affecting any organ. Prompt multidisciplinary management is crucial for patient safety and continued cancer immunotherapy.

Keywords:
CTLA-4ColitisDermatitisImmune checkpoint inhibitorImmune therapyPD-1PD-L1PneumonitisToxicity

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Monitoring PD-1-Blocking Antibodies Bound to T Cells Derived from a Drop of Peripheral Blood
06:07

Monitoring PD-1-Blocking Antibodies Bound to T Cells Derived from a Drop of Peripheral Blood

Published on: February 5, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Allergy

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) offer durable cancer treatment responses for many patients.
  • Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are a significant clinical challenge associated with ICIs, impacting various organ systems.
  • irAEs can lead to treatment interruption, morbidity, and mortality, necessitating careful management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review clinically significant immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
  • To highlight key principles for the multidisciplinary diagnosis and management of irAEs.
  • To provide guidance for allergist-immunologists in optimizing patient outcomes during ICI therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of immune checkpoint inhibitors and their associated adverse events.
  • Synthesis of current clinical practices for irAE identification and evaluation.
  • Focus on multidisciplinary team approaches for irAE management.

Main Results:

  • ICIs are associated with a broad spectrum of irAEs affecting virtually all organ systems.
  • Early recognition and prompt, multidisciplinary management are essential for mitigating irAE complications.
  • Effective irAE management is critical for maintaining immunotherapy continuity and improving patient survival.

Conclusions:

  • Immune-related adverse events are a critical consideration in cancer immunotherapy with ICIs.
  • A well-informed, multidisciplinary approach is paramount for the successful diagnosis and management of irAEs.
  • Allergist-immunologists play a key role in managing irAEs to optimize patient outcomes and facilitate ongoing cancer treatment.