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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction01:30

Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction

Drug–drug interactions can precipitate toxicity through multiple mechanisms. Absorption interactions alter how drugs enter the body, exemplified when ranitidine increases the absorption of basic drugs, while cholestyramine decreases the levels of propranolol. Protein binding interactions occur when drugs share the same binding sites on plasma proteins. Drugs like aspirin and warfarin, when bound in excess, can lead to increased free drug concentrations, enhancing the potential for...
Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
Heart Failure Drugs: Inotropic Agents01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inotropic Agents

Positive inotropic agents are commonly used as the first line of treatment for heart failure. One such agent is digoxin, derived from the genus Digitalis, which has been known for centuries but effectively utilized since 1785. However, these cardiac glycosides can have potentially toxic effects due to their mechanism of action, which involves inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase and increasing contractility. Digoxin is absorbed orally and distributed in various tissues, including the CNS. It has a long...
Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...

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Updated: May 10, 2026

Intra-cardiac Side-Firing Light Catheter for Monitoring Cellular Metabolism using Transmural Absorbance Spectroscopy of Perfused Mammalian Hearts
08:51

Intra-cardiac Side-Firing Light Catheter for Monitoring Cellular Metabolism using Transmural Absorbance Spectroscopy of Perfused Mammalian Hearts

Published on: May 12, 2019

Cardiac Intoxication/Nutritional/Metabolic.

Scott A Fritz1, Rebecca A Funk2

  • 1Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice
|May 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ruminant cardiotoxic syndromes stem from diverse toxins. Early diagnosis and removing the toxic source are vital for treatment and prevention, as antidotes are unavailable.

Keywords:
CardiotoxinIonophorePlantsSeleniumVitamin E

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Toxicology
  • Ruminant Medicine
  • Cardiovascular Pathology

Background:

  • Cardiotoxic syndromes pose significant health risks to ruminants.
  • Various etiological agents contribute to cardiotoxicity in these animals.
  • Accurate diagnosis is often challenging due to diverse clinical presentations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review cardiotoxic syndromes affecting ruminants.
  • To highlight key diagnostic approaches and management strategies.
  • To emphasize the importance of prevention in herd health.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of cardiotoxic agents in ruminants.
  • Analysis of clinical signs, diagnostic methods, and treatment outcomes.
  • Synthesis of information on toxicological mechanisms and epidemiological factors.

Main Results:

  • Identified ionophores, vitamin E/selenium deficiency, gossypol, Taxus spp., cardiac glycosides, and grayanotoxins as common causes.
  • Emphasized the critical role of early recognition, detailed history, and diagnostic sampling.
  • Noted the absence of specific antidotes, necessitating prompt removal of the toxicant and environmental management.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management relies on understanding clinical patterns and implementing herd-wide prevention.
  • Prompt intervention and environmental control are crucial for improving outcomes.
  • Reducing morbidity and mortality requires proactive strategies against ruminant cardiotoxic syndromes.