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Necropsy-based Wild Fish Health Assessment
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Published on: September 11, 2018

Fish Poxviruses on the Rise: Prospects for Aquatic Health.

Mikolaj Adamek1, Marek Matras2, Oluwaseun Christianah Ojelade1,3

  • 1Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.

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Summary

Fish poxviruses are emerging fish pathogens causing gill and skin issues. Vigilance is crucial for diagnosing these emerging viral diseases in aquatic animals.

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Area of Science:

  • Aquatic Virology
  • Fish Pathology
  • Emerging Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Fish poxviruses are increasingly recognized as significant pathogens in fish populations.
  • Carp edema virus (CEV) is the first identified member, causing koi sleepy disease.
  • Several other fish poxviruses have since been identified, affecting various fish species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the growing importance of fish poxviruses as emerging pathogens.
  • To inform fish health professionals about the clinical signs and diagnostic challenges associated with fish poxviruses.
  • To emphasize the need for including poxviruses in differential diagnoses for fish gill and skin disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on fish poxviruses.
  • Compilation of known fish poxvirus species and their hosts.
  • Summary of clinical presentations and pathological effects.
  • Discussion of diagnostic limitations and challenges.

Main Results:

  • Fish poxviruses commonly affect epithelial tissues, leading to gill hyperplasia and lamellar fusion.
  • Clinical signs can be exacerbated by secondary infections due to viral immunomodulation.
  • Diagnostic difficulties arise from the inability to culture these viruses, inconsistent microscopy, and lack of broad molecular tools.
  • Various fish species are susceptible, including common carp, koi, ayu, seahorse, Atlantic salmon, cod, black bullhead, and red seabream.

Conclusions:

  • Fish poxviruses are an important consideration for unexplained gill and skin pathologies in fish.
  • Fish health professionals must maintain vigilance and incorporate poxviruses into their diagnostic considerations.
  • Further development of diagnostic tools is needed to improve detection and management of fish poxvirus infections.