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The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is also...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance
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Learning-based cognitive control: developmental trajectories in children aged 5- to 14- years.

Lisa Toffoli1, Giulia Stefanelli1, Fiorella Del Popolo Cristaldi1

  • 1Department of General Psychology - DPG, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.

Scientific Reports
|May 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive control (CC) development in children shows early emergence in simple tasks but improves significantly with age in complex situations. This study reveals how children aged 5-14 adapt their inhibitory control based on context.

Keywords:
DevelopmentFlanker taskGo-noGoInhibitionLearning-based cognitive controlSpeed-accuracy tradeoff

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental psychology
  • Cognitive neuroscience
  • Child psychology

Background:

  • Learning-based cognitive control (CC) involves implicitly adapting behavior to contextual regularities.
  • The developmental trajectory of learning-based CC, especially under varying cognitive demands, is not well understood.
  • Previous research has primarily focused on young children's CC, leaving a gap in understanding its development across childhood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental progression of learning-based CC in children aged 5-14 years.
  • To examine how increasing cognitive demands influence the development of CC.
  • To identify age-related differences in adapting to predictable versus unpredictable contexts.

Main Methods:

  • 149 children (5-14 years) completed modified Flanker and cued go-noGo tasks with List-Wide Proportion Congruency (LWPC) manipulation.
  • Tasks contrasted predictable (high congruency) and unpredictable (50% congruency) contexts.
  • Analyzed reaction times, accuracy, and delta scores to assess CC efficiency.

Main Results:

  • In the low-demand Flanker task, LWPC effects were consistent across ages, indicating early emergence and stability of learning-based CC.
  • In the higher-demand Addy task, significant developmental differences were observed.
  • Younger children prioritized speed over accuracy, while older children (around 9 years+) showed improved accuracy and a balanced speed-accuracy trade-off, suggesting enhanced inhibitory CC efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Learning-based inhibitory CC develops across childhood, particularly under complex, multi-demand conditions.
  • Cognitive control efficiency in managing competing demands improves with age.
  • The findings underscore the importance of using ecologically valid paradigms to capture developmental changes in CC.