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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Ultrasound Tissue Characterization of Human Achilles Tendon by Stability Quantification of Echo Patterns
08:11

Ultrasound Tissue Characterization of Human Achilles Tendon by Stability Quantification of Echo Patterns

Published on: September 5, 2025

Tension-Dependent Variability and Repeatability of Achilles Tendon UTE-T2* Mapping Using Mono- and Bi-Exponential

Ananya Goyal1,2, Marco Barbieri1,3, Valentina Mazzoli1,4

  • 1Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.

NMR in Biomedicine
|May 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quantitative MRI using ultrashort echo time (UTE)-T2* mapping is sensitive to Achilles tendon tension. Short T2* measures show improved repeatability under passive tension, offering potential for assessing tendon integrity.

Keywords:
Achilles tendonT2* relaxation time mappingrepeatabilitytendon laxityultrashort echo time MRI

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Musculoskeletal Imaging
  • Quantitative MRI

Background:

  • Quantitative MRI, specifically ultrashort echo time (UTE)-T2* mapping, is sensitive to collagen-bound water and tendon microstructure.
  • This technique allows for noninvasive assessment of tendon integrity and laxity.
  • However, the relationship between UTE-T2* measures and tendon tension, along with their repeatability, requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the sensitivity of mono- and bi-exponential UTE-T2* measures of the Achilles tendon to changes in tendon tension.
  • To assess the test-retest repeatability of these UTE-T2* metrics across repeated scan sessions.
  • To determine if UTE-T2* relaxometry can provide quantitative imaging markers for tendon mechanical integrity and laxity.

Main Methods:

  • Healthy adult volunteers underwent UTE-MRI of the Achilles tendon at two sessions, one week apart.
  • Ankle positioning was varied between dorsiflexion (higher tension) and plantarflexion (lower tension).
  • Mono-exponential T2* (T2*mono) and bi-exponential parameters (T2*short, T2*long, ρshort) were quantified and analyzed using ANOVA and repeatability metrics (RMSE, CV%, Bland-Altman).

Main Results:

  • Short-component T2* metrics demonstrated significant sensitivity to tendon tension, with lower values observed in dorsiflexion compared to plantarflexion (p < 0.001 for T2*mono, p = 0.02 for T2*short).
  • No significant effects of scan session or their interaction were found, indicating good test-retest reliability.
  • T2*long and ρshort remained stable, suggesting hydration levels were unaffected by passive loading. Repeatability was better in dorsiflexion.

Conclusions:

  • UTE-T2* relaxometry of the Achilles tendon is repeatable and sensitive to changes in tendon tension.
  • Short T2* measures show promise as quantitative imaging markers for tendon mechanical integrity and laxity.
  • Standardizing tendon tension during longitudinal quantitative tendon MRI is crucial for accurate assessments.