CryoClean technology: A novel closed vitrification system combining high efficiency and sterility for embryo...

Embryo vitrification is a cornerstone of assisted reproductive technology (ART). Traditional open systems, while efficient, risk microbial contamination, whereas closed systems prioritize safety at the expense of cooling efficiency. This study introduces "CryoClean", an innovative closed vitrification technology based on a "freeze-first, seal-later" principle, utilizing sterile liquid air (≈14.5% O₂) as a refrigerant to bridge the efficiency-safety gap. The cooling rate of CryoClean matched that of direct liquid nitrogen immersion. Microbial culture confirmed the sterility of the prepared liquid air, unlike stored liquid nitrogen, which contained Moraxella osloensis and Neomicrococcus aesculi. Using mouse 8-cell embryos, CryoClean demonstrated comparable performance to the open Cryotop method in post-thaw survival (100% vs. 100%), blastocyst formation (84.8% vs. 83.9%), and hatching rates (64.3% vs. 65.4%; all p > 0.05). Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing revealed that both vitrification methods induced similar hypomethylation patterns in CpG islands and adjacent regions compared to fresh embryos, with no significant epigenetic differences between CryoClean and Cryotop groups. Offspring derived from CryoClean-vitrified embryos showed no abnormalities in postnatal growth, organ weights, serum biochemistry, cardiac function, or reproductive capacity compared to those from fresh embryos (p > 0.05). In conclusion, CryoClean effectively integrates the high efficiency of open systems with the biosafety of closed systems, offering a promising solution to overcome the efficiency bottleneck in sterile embryo vitrification for clinical ART.