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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches01:23

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...
Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:
Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...
Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

In Silico Identification and Characterization of circRNAs During Host-Pathogen Interactions
10:27

In Silico Identification and Characterization of circRNAs During Host-Pathogen Interactions

Published on: October 21, 2022

Circular RNAs in animals: Biogenesis, function and cell fate control.

Rita Mohammad1, Yelena Parfyonova2, Iurii Stafeev3

  • 1Chazov National Medical Research Centre for Cardiology, 121552, Moscow, Russia; Phystech School of Medical and Biological Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technologies, 141701, Dolgoprudny, Russia.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Gene Regulatory Mechanisms
|May 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are stable RNA molecules regulating gene expression. Their roles in cell differentiation and development offer potential for bioengineered RNA therapeutics.

Keywords:
Back-splicingCircular RNA (circRNA)DifferentiationNon-coding RNAsStem cells

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

In Silico Identification and Characterization of circRNAs During Host-Pathogen Interactions
10:27

In Silico Identification and Characterization of circRNAs During Host-Pathogen Interactions

Published on: October 21, 2022

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing
08:25

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing

Published on: November 14, 2019

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs
13:10

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

Published on: March 10, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of eukaryotic transcripts with a unique covalently closed circular structure.
  • Their stability, cell-specific expression, and conservation across species suggest significant biological roles.
  • circRNAs participate in post-transcriptional regulation via interactions with microRNAs and RNA-binding proteins, and can even be translated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on circRNA biogenesis and function.
  • To highlight the emerging links between circRNAs and cell fate decisions, including stemness and lineage commitment.
  • To discuss the potential of bioengineered circRNAs for therapeutic applications in cell differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on circRNA biogenesis, function, and regulation.
  • Analysis of research connecting circRNA dynamics to cellular differentiation and development.
  • Exploration of the potential for engineered circRNAs in therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • circRNAs possess diverse molecular functions, including regulatory roles and protein translation.
  • circRNA expression is often cell- and tissue-specific and conserved across species.
  • circRNA dynamics are increasingly implicated in stemness maintenance and lineage commitment during differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • circRNAs represent a significant layer of post-transcriptional gene regulation.
  • circRNAs play crucial roles in cell differentiation and development.
  • Bioengineered circRNAs hold promise as programmable platforms for targeted cell differentiation and RNA-based therapies.