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Inflammatory biomarkers of atherosclerosis in SLE that may improve SLE-specific cardiovascular risk assessment tools

Silvia De Santis1, Marcella Prete2, Patrizia Leone2

  • 1Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.

Autoimmunity Reviews
|May 9, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients face higher cardiovascular event (CVE) risk due to accelerated atherosclerosis. New biomarkers are needed to improve cardiovascular risk assessment in SLE beyond traditional algorithms.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cardiology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Cardiovascular events (CVE) are a major cause of death in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  • Patients with SLE have a 2-3 times higher risk of CVE compared to the general population.
  • Existing cardiovascular risk algorithms underestimate this risk as they don't consider SLE-specific factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key biomarkers and immune-mediated pathways contributing to SLE-related vascular injury.
  • To identify potential biomarkers for improved cardiovascular risk assessment in SLE patients.
  • To understand the role of immune dysregulation in accelerated atherosclerosis in SLE.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on biomarkers and immune pathways in SLE.
  • Analysis of the contribution of these factors to SLE pathogenesis and atherosclerosis.
  • Comparison of identified biomarkers for their potential in risk stratification.

Main Results:

  • Several biomarkers and immune pathways are implicated in SLE-driven atherosclerosis.
  • These SLE-specific factors significantly contribute to vascular injury.
  • Traditional risk scores fail to capture the full extent of CV risk in SLE.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate cardiovascular risk assessment in SLE requires incorporating SLE-specific biomarkers.
  • Further research into immune-mediated pathways can lead to novel therapeutic targets.
  • Improved risk models are crucial for managing cardiovascular complications in SLE.

Keywords:
Systemic lupus erythematosusatherosclerosisbiomarkerscardiovascular riskrisk algorithms

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