Cell surface receptors integrate plant immunity, stress adaptation, and nutrient acquisition

Plants thrive in complex and often hostile environments by continuously sensing and responding to a wide array of biotic and abiotic challenges. Central to this surveillance system are cell surface receptors, including receptor kinases and receptor proteins. Recent advances have revealed how these receptors not only recognize pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns but also perceive endogenous peptides and environmental signals. Importantly, emerging evidence highlights extensive crosstalk between immune and abiotic stress signaling, with shared components and co-regulatory mechanisms shaping an integrated response. In this review, we synthesize recent discoveries on the diverse roles of cell surface receptors in detecting external and internal signals, coordinating defense and stress tolerance, and balancing these processes with nutrient acquisition.