MonoUNet: A Robust Tiny Neural Network for Automated Knee Cartilage Segmentation on Point-of-care Ultrasound Devices

To develop a robust and compact deep learning model for automated knee cartilage segmentation on point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) devices.

We propose MonoUNet, a novel, highly compact segmentation model consisting of (i) an aggressively reduced U-Net backbone, (ii) a trainable monogenic block that extracts multi-scale local phase features from the input, and (iii) a gating mechanism that injects these features into the encoder stages to reduce sensitivity to variations in ultrasound image appearance. MonoUNet segmentation performance was evaluated on a multi-site, multi-device knee cartilage ultrasound dataset using Dice score and mean average surface distance (MASD). Agreement between MonoUNet and manual cartilage outcomes (thickness and echo intensity) was assessed using Bland-Altman analysis with 95% limits of agreement, and reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC_2,k).

Overall, MonoUNet outperformed existing lightweight segmentation models, with average Dice scores ranging from 92.62% to 94.82% and MASD values between 0.133 mm and 0.254 mm. MonoUNet reduces the number of parameters by 10×to700× and computational cost by 14×to2000× relative to existing lightweight models. MonoUNet cartilage outcomes showed excellent reliability and agreement with the manual outcomes: ICC_2,k=0.96 and bias =2.00%(0.047mm) for average thickness and ICC_2,k=0.99 and bias =0.80% (0.328 a.u.) for echo intensity.

Incorporating trainable local phase features improves the robustness of highly compact neural networks for knee cartilage segmentation across varying acquisition settings and could support scalable ultrasound-based assessment and monitoring of knee osteoarthritis using POCUS devices.