An exploratory study of loneliness in migrant-origin communities due to transforming ethnic public spaces

Ethnic public spaces such as clubs, temples, and community markets have long played a vital role in sustaining social connections and cultural identity among migrant-origin communities. They provide platforms for interaction, cultural expression, and collective support, thereby reducing risks of isolation. However, rapid urban transformation and gentrification in Indian cities have led to the decline or repurposing of many such spaces which has weakened their role as anchors of social life. This study examines the association between the transformation of ethnic public spaces and loneliness among the Chinese community in Kolkata, India. The central question guiding the research is: How has the loss or transformation of ethnic public spaces influenced social isolation and loneliness within ethnocultural communities? To explore this, social network analysis was employed to map patterns of interpersonal ties and community interactions. The findings reveal a marked reduction in bonding opportunities as cultural spaces diminish that has led to narrower social networks and heightened feelings of loneliness among community members. The study highlights the importance of ethnic spaces not only as cultural symbols but also as crucial infrastructures for social well-being. Policy implications highlight the urgent need to recognize, protect, and revitalize such spaces to support inclusive urban development and community resilience.