Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 12, 2026
Conformable Wearable Electrodes: From Fabrication to Electrophysiological Assessment
Published on: July 22, 2022
Binary cation enhanced, high conductive hydrogels comprised of oxidized hyaluronic acid and polyethylenimine for
Meng Zhang1, Yanju Zhang1, Jingjing Bai1
1Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Control on Surface and Interface, and College of Science, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Yuxiang Street 26, Shijiazhuang, 050018, PR China.
Abstract:
Hydrogels are widely adopted in flexible electronics, yet their mechanical and electrochemical stability under harsh conditions remains challenging. In this study, we develop a novel hyaluronic acid-based double network (DN) hydrogel featuring exceptional mechanical robustness (6.29 MJ m-3), low-temperature resistance (-50 °C), and good self-healing ability (93% self-healing efficiency). The hydrogels are synthesized through the covalent bonding of oxidized hyaluronic acid (OHA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) via Schiff-base reaction as the primary network, with polymeric acrylic acid (PAA) forming the secondary network, followed by immersion in LiCl and ZnSO4 solutions. The optimized hydrogel exhibits conductivity as high as 16.67 mS·cm-1 (-25 °C, 5.56 mS·cm-1). Furthermore, the hydrogel demonstrates excellent strain sensing sensitivity (~400%, GF = 2.73; 400-900%, GF = 6.41; 900-1400%, GF = 9.98), enabling the detection of both large and small human movements (for example, pulse). This work illustrates a reference of binary cation enhanced DN hydrogels for practical application in low-temperature environment.
