Climate change and infectious diseases: breaking the poverty-disease-environment trap

Climate change and infectious diseases jointly form a self-reinforcing poverty disease environment trap that disproportionately harms impoverished populations in low- and middle-income countries. Climate change amplifies the transmission of vector -borne, water-borne, and zoonotic infectious diseases by expanding vector distribution, triggering water source contamination via extreme weather, and disrupting ecological balance. Poverty worsens vulnerability due to insufficient health infrastructure, limited resource access, and weak adaptive capacity, with sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia facing the highest risks. Climate related health harms are projected to push 44 million people into extreme poverty by 2030. This correspondence aims to clarify the linkages between climate change, infectious diseases, and poverty, and propose integrated solutions to break the vicious cycle. Effective interventions include building climate resilient health systems, addressing social determinants of health vulnerability, and adopting cross sectoral One Health collaboration. This work highlights climate change as a critical public health and equity issue, calling for integrated and equitable actions to protect vulnerable groups and sustain global health progress.