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  3. Basic Self-disorders Across Psychiatric Diagnoses And Risk Syndromes: An Updated Meta-analysis.
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  3. Basic Self-disorders Across Psychiatric Diagnoses And Risk Syndromes: An Updated Meta-analysis.

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Basic Self-disorders Across Psychiatric Diagnoses and Risk Syndromes: An Updated Meta-analysis.

Andrés Estradé1, Paolo La-Torraca-Vittori2, Cecilia M Esposito3

  • 1Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.

Schizophrenia Bulletin
|May 11, 2026

View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Basic self-disorders (BSD) are most concentrated in schizophrenia spectrum conditions and elevated in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR-P). Some BSD may appear in other psychiatric conditions, warranting further research.

Keywords:
EASEipseityminimal selfself-disordersself-disturbance

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Basic self-disorders (BSD) research has grown with the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE) scale.
  • EASE-defined BSD were initially linked to schizophrenia but are now found in other conditions and clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR-P) samples.
  • This raises questions about the diagnostic specificity and distribution of BSD across different mental health categories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically analyze the distribution of EASE-defined basic self-disorders (BSD) across various diagnostic categories.
  • To compare BSD levels in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, other mental disorders, non-schizophrenia spectrum psychosis, CHR-P individuals, and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • A meta-analysis following PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines was conducted on 38 studies.
  • Included were individuals with DSM/ICD mental disorders, CHR-P samples, and healthy controls.
  • Random-effect meta-analyses and meta-regressions examined EASE scores to assess BSD distribution across 5 diagnostic categories.

    • Main Results:

    • Schizophrenia spectrum disorders exhibited significantly higher BSD scores compared to healthy controls, other mental disorders, non-schizophrenia spectrum psychosis, and CHR-P individuals.
    • CHR-P individuals showed intermediate BSD levels, higher than those with other mental disorders or non-schizophrenia spectrum psychosis.
    • Diagnostic categories explained a significant portion of the variance in total EASE scores (R²=0.703).

    Conclusions:

    • EASE-defined BSD are most prominent in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and elevated in CHR-P individuals.
    • While BSD are concentrated in these groups, some forms may be present in other psychiatric conditions.
    • Further longitudinal research with harmonized methods is crucial to understand BSD developmental trajectories and clinical significance across diagnoses.