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Related Concept Videos

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists of a...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into the...
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...
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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...

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Threading an Aluminum Molecular Ring Onto a Chemically Growing Copper-Directed Polyrotaxane.

Lin Geng1, Xi-Yan Liu1, Yu-Long Xie1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a modular strategy to create aluminum-based mechanically interlocked molecules (AlMIMs). This supramolecular chemistry approach enables controlled assembly of complex architectures with enhanced nonlinear optical properties.

Keywords:
aluminum‐oxo wheel clustermechanically interlocked moleculespolyrotaxanerotaxane

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Controlled assembly of mechanically interlocked architectures is a significant challenge.
  • Existing methods often lack modularity and hierarchical control.
  • Supramolecular chemistry principles are key to designing complex molecular systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a modular and hierarchical strategy for synthesizing aluminum-based mechanically interlocked molecules (AlMIMs).
  • To explore the versatility of this approach in creating diverse rotaxane structures and networks.
  • To investigate the nonlinear optical properties of the synthesized AlMIMs.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the hard and soft acids and bases principle for component selection.
  • Employing aluminum ions for macrocyclic framework formation via coordination with aromatic carboxylates.
  • Using adaptive nitrogen-donor ligands and copper ions to direct axle threading and control dimensionality.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of a library of AlMIMs, including discrete [2]- and [3]rotaxanes and extended polyrotaxane networks.
  • Demonstrated dual coordination behavior of copper ions within and outside the macrocyclic cavity, facilitating ordered assembly.
  • Observed significantly enhanced third-order nonlinear optical responses in the resulting AlMIMs.

Conclusions:

  • The modular and hierarchical strategy provides a versatile platform for constructing complex AlMIMs.
  • Dynamic modulation of metal ion coordination within engineered supramolecular environments is crucial for controlled assembly.
  • Mechanically interlocked architectures exhibit emergent properties, such as enhanced nonlinear optical responses.