Factors Influencing Radicalization Process at Micro, Meso, and Macro Levels: A Systematic Literature Review

This Systematic Literature Review (SLR) aims to synthesize empirical studies to determine prominent risk factors associated with radicalization and violent extremism (RVE), as well as moderating or mediating factors that trigger the radicalization pathways. Following the prior set eligibility criteria, the PRISMA guideline was used to identify, screen, and select the empirical studies. In this SLR, we have identified some prominent risk factors of RVE and categorized them into micro, meso, and macro level factors. At the micro level, age, gender, education, SES, psychopathological issues, personality and psychological traits, proviolence and hostile attitude, political-ideological beliefs, intolerance, conspiracy mentality, and moral disengagement, while at the meso level, family dysfunction, a post-conflict society, social isolation, harsh school environment, perceived intergroup threats, psychological needs, and low social support are considered to be key risk factors. At the macro level, collective strain, political conflict, strong religious and ethnic identity, and group-based relative deprivation significantly influence radicalization processes. The findings of the current SLR pointed toward multiple risk factors for the radicalization process. These findings can be imperative in developing counter-radicalization interventions and planning preventive strategies.