Extra-articular Fractures of the Scapula

Extra-articular scapular fractures include those involving the coracoid process, the acromion, the scapular spine, and the inferior angle of the scapula. These injuries are uncommon, so they represent a therapeutic challenge. Historically, nonoperative treatment was the standard for these fracture types, although the outcomes were heterogeneous and often characterized by persistent pain, limited mobility, and scapulothoracic dyskinesis. Advances in imaging, surgical techniques, and implant quality have expanded surgical indications, demonstrating good medium- and long-term functional outcomes. In the current update article, the authors present the most recent literature on each of these scapular-fracture patterns and outline the current treatment recommendations.