Insomnia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence, Psychological Correlates, and Association With Glycemic Control

Purpose This study aimed to assess the prevalence of insomnia in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its association with glycated hemoglobin. Methods In this cross-sectional study, patients attending a diabetes clinic completed the Insomnia Severity Index and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Glycated hemoglobin values were self-reported by participants based on their most recent laboratory result. Logistic and linear regression analyses evaluated demographic and psychological predictors of insomnia and the relationship between insomnia and glycated hemoglobin. Results The prevalence of clinically significant insomnia symptoms was 37.7%. Higher HADS total scores were independently associated with insomnia, while age, sex, and glycated hemoglobin were not significant predictors. Insomnia status was not significantly associated with glycated hemoglobin levels (coef.=0.04; p=0.28). However, age, sex, and glycated hemoglobin each independently predicted total HADS score (all p<0.01), suggesting a multifaceted interplay among demographic, metabolic, and psychological factors. Conclusions Insomnia affects over a third of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, but was not independently associated with glycated hemoglobin. Routine sleep and mental health screening, especially in younger patients, could improve well‑being and type 2 diabetes mellitus management.