Personalized Medicine Interventions for Glycemic Control in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a heterogeneous condition in which patients differ markedly in glycemic patterns, treatment responses, and self-management capacity, limiting the effectiveness of uniform care models. Personalized medicine aims to tailor diabetes management using patient-specific data, behaviors, and risk profiles, but the clinical impact of different personalization strategies remains variable. A comprehensive search of major biomedical databases was conducted to identify eligible studies evaluating individualized interventions in adults with T2DM, and 27 studies were included. Evidence was synthesized narratively due to clinical and methodological heterogeneity. Across the included studies, personalized approaches were generally associated with improved glycemic control compared with usual care, although the magnitude and consistency of benefit varied by intervention type and implementation intensity. Larger and more durable improvements were most often observed in interventions that combined objective patient data with actionable care pathways, particularly in high-risk populations or during periods of therapeutic change. These findings suggest that personalization may improve glycemic outcomes in certain settings, although the certainty of evidence remains limited due to study heterogeneity and variations in design and quality.